I think the other comment was an excellent explanation of what the DOM is for somebody with a little bit of computer science experience at least.
But front end vs back end development explained like youre five:
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a front end developer makes what you can see when you use some software (the term is mostly used when talking about web development, but almost all business software is websites today). So they know how to place buttons in the right place, how to make it look good or move around or what ever you want your website to do. I.E display a form to fill out when you want to check out your shopping basket in a web shop.
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a back end developer makes the logic that happens behind the scenes and makes it available for the front end. I.E. Pass on the data from the form the user just entered to the orders database.
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a full stack developer knows how to do both.
Edit: just realised I misunderstood your question. Keeping the comment though since somebody Else might not know the difference between backend and frontend
I haven’t touched any front end code since I was a junior about 15 years ago. My CS degree didn’t involve any more gui than simple stuff, so I was very overwhelmed by it. I ended up focusing on database work and business processes instead.
The way the DOM and shadow DOM is described now seems logical, so I guess I shouldn’t have too much issue wrapping my brain around the concepts should I end up needing it in the furure. But I am very fond of where I am working purely with business logic and leaving the graphics to other people.